DIYALA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

The Environmental heat which transform to building inside through window glass is very large ( due to the large value of glass heat transfer coefficient ) .Therefore an auxiliary window made from simple aluminum frame and consisted from three layers of polycarbonate solid transparence insulation sheet is suggested .This window can be joined to the building window at inside or outside according to building design requirement .This study was carried out at Baghdad climate zone (32.2N0) through summer season (may to September ) 2015 .
The test results showed that , using secondary window will reduce the electrical energy consumption used for cooling by ( 8 – 28.5)% according to glass types .
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This research studied the effect of the Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and the Wear Rate of the pure Aluminum with a particle size of (≤53μm). The Aluminum is reinforced by graphite with a particle size of (≤63μm) with an addition of glass particles with different weight ratios of (3, 6, 9, and 12) Wt. % and a particle size was (≤ 53μm).
Powder metallurgy technique has been used to manufactured the samples, where the samples are pressed uniaxial at room temperature with (500 Map), then sintering at (550 C0) for (2 hr.). After that, heat treatment is applied on the samples at (500 OC) for one hour and Quenched in water.
There was a great improvement of the mechanical properties such as the hardens and the compressive strength. This improvement was proportional with the Weight ratio of the glass particles before and after the Heat Treatment.
On the other hand, there was a decrease of the wear rate versus the increase of the Weight ratio of the glass particles and heat treatment.
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Transport is the most important factor affecting the development of the internal structure of the city. The problem of research is that the increase in the number of cars and especially the lack of reliance on public transport has led to a great momentum on the capacity of the transport network in the city. Offset by the lack of development, expansion and modification of the transport network of the city affects the quality of urban housing of the city as well as economic and social conditions and security conditions led to the imposition of security checkpoints and the closure of many of the streets, crowding the transport network and its impact on the urban development of the city. The objective of the research is to study the historical stages affecting the composition of the transport network and the effect of the geographic factors of Baquba city and its relationship with other cities in terms of the external transport network of passengers and goods. The approach we will adopt in the research is to develop the basic plans of the city which include appropriate solutions for the internal and external transport network of the city and apply it on the ground and not allow random transgressions by enacting laws that limit this overflow and finding appropriate solutions to the phenomenon of population displacement to the city and residential violations on the basic plans of the city and its impact on urban growth..

In this study, the changing in ride height of the car, which is usually arbitrarily been made, has been investigated. Many reasons could be achieved when ride has been increased, but without consideration of the undesired outcomes such as the related aero-dynamical forces effect. In this study, wind tunnel with fixed sedan car model was used. The model was easily allowed changing of the ride height. A range of velocities had been used as well. The General Full Factorial Method and Analysis of Variance were the convenient analytical tools in this study. The results showed that the drag force increased when ride height increased, especially, at the fronted point (stagnation point) which might increase fuel consumption and related pollution..

In this research, we studied the effect of surface roughness for bearings of inner ring and cylindrical rotor type 5220, on the hydrodynamic lubrication in performance convergence area by analyzing the effect of surface roughness on the oil film thickness around the bearing, then influence on generated pressure by rotating shaft. Matlab. R2013b program with finite differences method of five nodes grid used to solve Reynolds equation numerically. the results appear that when the roughness of bearing surfaces is 18.2 µm (high finishing surfaces bearings), this will be decreasing 49% from the oil film thickness between surfaces, which cause increasing total pressure from (65.74 M. Pas.) (in rough surfaces) to (748.3 M. Pas.) which enhancing the ability of bearing to rising load of rotor shaft in the limited speed reach to (18.78 K.N.).

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The effect of annealing process on microstructure and mechanical properties of brass C38500 according to UNS was studied. The test samples were heated to (450, 500, 550 and 600) °C for 1 hour and in a furnace. The samples were cooled gradually to the room temperature.
The microstructural change during annealing was studied by using optical microscope and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and torsionl test were also studied.
From the obtained results it was observed that annealing has a little effect on the microstructure and it reduces the mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness) as a result of elimination of the brittle phase or internal stress in microstructure, but it improves the torsional strength and increases the number of twisting angle it is also found that the annealing at (600)οC gives the best torsion test.

The goal behind this research is to highlight on structural system using composite steel plate shear wall, this approach is widely used in many countries, due to its desired features. Composite steel plate shear wall are often considered essential in design of building to resist seismic action. This paper discuss the effect of concrete strength on behavior of CSPW, for this objective one story one bay model with different compressive strength (25, 28 , 45, 50, 55, 65)MPa ,this model formed by finite element code which is advanced by university of Amirkabir. The accuracy of the representation of the model by numerical analysis, numerical result contrast with valid experiment which explain suitable agreement. Result show increasing the compressive strength would advance the cycle behavior. By contrast the result in elastic region, it was seen initial stiffness is not enhance by varying the compressive strength.

يهدف هذا البحث الى انتاج خرسانة الركام خفيف الوزن عالية الاداء والمستدامة تحتوي على مكسر الطابوق الطيني المعاد تدويره من مخلفات البناء كركام خشن خفيف الوزن ومسلحة بالالياف الاحادية والهجينة المزدوجة والثلاثية بانواع ونسب باعية مختلفة. تم تحضير خرسانة عالية الاداء من مكسر الطابوق الطيني الخفيف الوزن بمقاومة انضغاط 41.2 نيوتنمم2 و كثافة جافة 1930 كغمم3 بعمر 28 يوم. الالياف المستخدمة تتضمن, الياف فولاذية معقوفة النهاية بنسبة باعية 60 (نوع S1 ), الياف بلاستك بنسبة باعية63, الياف فولاذية دقيقة معقوفة النهاية بنسبة باعية65 (نوع S ), والياف البولي بروبلين الدقيقة بنسبة باعية667. تم اعداد ست خلطات خرسانية تتضمن على, الخلطة المرجعية بدون الياف , خلطتان مسلحة بنوع واحد من الالياف (الالياف الفولاذية نوع S1 أو الياف البلاستك وبنسبة حجمية (0.75%, اثنان من الخلطات المسلحة بالالياف الهجينة المزدوجة ( الالياف الفولاذية نوع S 0.5%+ الياف بولي بروبلين0.25% وخلطة الياف البلاستك 0.5% + الالياف الفولاذية نوع S 0.25 %) والخلطة الخرسانية الهجينة ثلاثية الالياف (0.25 % ( الياف فولاذية نوع S1 +الياف البولي بروبلين + الياف فولاذية نوع S). تم دراسة الخواص الطرية للخرسانة (قابلية التشغيل والكثافة الطرية ) وخواص الخرسانة المتصلبة (الكثافة الجافة, مقاومة الانضغاط, مقاومة شد الانثناء, مقاومة الشد الانشطاري و الامتصاص للماء ). بصورة فان نماذج الخرسانة العالية الاداء الخفيفة الوزن والمسلحة بالالياف الاحادية والهجينة (الثنائية والثلاثية ) أظهرت زيادة مهمة في مقاومة الشد الانشطاري مقاومة شد الانثناء مقارنة بالنماذج الخرسانية المرجعية (بدون الالياف). ان نسب الزيادة في مقاومة الشد الانشطاري للنماذج المسلحة بالالياف الفولاذية الاحادية هي 55.8%, 65.9,%, 82% و 91.9%, بينما نسب الزيادة للنماذج المسلحة بالالياف البلاستكية الاحادية هي 34%, 45.5%, 61.5% و71.2% للاعمار 7, 28, 60 و 90 يوماً على التوالي بالمقارنة مع النماذج غيرالمسلحة بالالياف. ان اعلى مقاومة شد انشطاري و ومقاومة شد انثناء سُجلت للنماذج المسلحة بالالياف الهجينة ثلاثية الالياف. ان نسب الزيادة لمقاومة الشد الانشطاري للنماذج المسلحة بالالياف الهجينة ثلاثية الالياف هي 57.2%, 68.6 %, 87.5%, 101.8%, بينما نسب الزيادة لمقاومة شد انثناء هي 48 %, 59.6 %, 66.9%, 70.7%, للاعمار 7, 28, 60 و 90 يوماً على التوالي بالمقارنة مع النماذج غيرالمسلحة بالالياف.

The construction sector the main driver of the national economy on the other hand is facing this sector stumbled in his performance and the advantage of the merger of several problems at the same time due to the complex nature and uncertain environment of the project and the multiplicity of factors that lead to the occurrence of a time delay in implementation and high cost of the project, and to address this challenges requires the project management methods in this area and the potential of a smart and distinctive in making the right decisions. The method of multiple criteria complex proportional assessment of alternatives with Grey relations (COPRAS-G) is one of those methods. This research focuses on providing (COPRAS-G) technique helps to make the best decisions when setting up the project, which encountered problems are complex and multi-criteria (MCDM). And apply this technique on a variety of areas as it allows the comprehensive study and non-biased criteria and alternatives. This research aims to highlight the importance of structural performance, and how it can be employed technical grounds (COPRAS-G) in assessing the structural performance of the Diyala City projects, through the identification of the criteria used to select the best project in terms of structural performance, and also to identify a list of projects the main province in order to choose the project optimization of this area. For the purpose of achieving the objective of research, has been collecting its own data from the literature that dealt with a multiple criteria complex proportional assessment of alternatives with Grey relations and, structural performance, and finally personal interviews of qualified designers and implementers of these projects. The results of data analysis for the sample showed that standards of cost, time, and quality is the most important criteria for bilateral comparisons between projects, and that the standard cost is more important than the rest of the criteria in the projects. Finally, and by calculating the relative importance of the projects and priorities of the alternatives and the utility degree have, we find that plant project streams Baquba has received the largest share of the benefit and importance compared with other projects.
In the end, was a set of conclusions and recommendations of the various aspects of the topic from, accelerate the application of techniques of decision-making multi-criteria in the evaluation of projects in addition to expediting the application of the proposed systems for Structural Performance by researchers to help corporate managers that the decision-making efficient, which will lead to a process control and more effective control on the construction project.

ABSTRACT:- Gypseous soils contains either Sodium or Calcium salts, which may be considered the most problematic material for foundation engineer. It is associated with settlement problem especially for heavy and hydraulic structures with the presence of water. The risk begins from the first period of wetting or soaking these soils from any source: (rainfall, rising of water table or from any reason). The water will fluctuate or infiltrate through the soil particles and dissolve gypsum particles that fill the voids in the soil. The soil particles will roll and slide and arrange at new positions, because of the disintegration of the soil skeleton and the loosening of soil with the continuous dissolution of gypsum, which translate the soil from solid to semi solid media, with time.
The dissolution of gypsum depends on many factors (gypsum content, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and other factors). Another important factor which is the acidity of the dissolves liquid must be considered. This study shades the lights on the effect of Acetic acid (CH3COOH) on the collapsibility of gypseous soil.
A laboratory model includes 350mm diameter and 400mm height thick plastic container and 18.4kN/m3 density gypsiferous soil prepared locally and compacted in three layers, with70%gypsum content. The stress fixed at 47kPa was applied over 50mm diameter circular footing. The relation between the soaking time and the deformation ratio (settlement/width of footing S/B%) was investigated, with 5 cycles of soaking by the Acetic acid.
The results of laboratory model tests show a pronounce effect of the acidity on the collapsibility of gypsiferous soil. The results of deformation ratio S/B% was (1.22, 8, 12, 15.7, 50%) at the end of (1,2,3,4,5) prewetted cycles by CH3COOH acid, respectively. So the effect of Acetic Acid percent was considerably accelerating the collapsibility of gypsiferous soil with cycling technique.
Keywords:- gypsiferous soil, compressibility.

The grounding transformer is one of most important equipment in power energy system. This paper describes the modeling of zig-zag grounding transformer wound core type with varying degrees of complexity. In this paper, the Finite Element model (FEM) of zig-zag grounding transformer with non-linear magnetic characteristic for iron core is built using ANSYS software electromagnetic package. A numerical method, based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA), is presented for computing the zero-sequence impedance of grounding transformer. The analysis method is based on the two dimensions (2D) model and this model was solved by using the magnetic vector potential formulation (A).The main purpose of this paper is performing the modeling of the three-phase zig-zag grounding "wound core" transformer in 2D FEM for any capacity of transformer (100KVA- 1000KVA) and the Finite Element techniques are used for the magnetic field analysis to evaluate the magnetic field and to determine their distribution at any region inside the core window and winding.
Two types of analyses were performed, including static and transient analysis. The transient analysis in this work is simulated by direct coupling the 2D transformer model with external circuit (voltage sources) .The simulation results prove the analysis' correctness and validity, and the result of zero-sequence impedance of grounding transformer is verified by comparison with experimental result. Those measured in the Diyala transformer factory once the grounding transformer has been built. A good agreement of the computational results with experimental result by using this FEM model of zig-zag grounding transformer allowing us to know the transformer behavior before manufacturing them and, thus reducing the design time and cost.

The occurrence of building failure and collapse has become a major issue of concern in construction building projects as the magnitudes of this incident are becoming very alarming. This paper therefore aims to investigate the contractors’ viewpoint on the consequences of poor quality in building projects in terms of non-conformance to requirement, cost overruns, and delays. Quantitative method is adopted to collect data from G6 and G7 building contractors within Kuala Lumpur using questionnaire surveys. The study indicated that the cost overrun is the most frequent consequence of quality failure. The findings of this study provide financial justification for all quality improvement efforts.

Transport is the most important factor affecting the development of the internal structure of the city. The problem of research is that the increase in the number of cars and especially the lack of reliance on public transport has led to a great momentum on the capacity of the transport network in the city. Offset by the lack of development, expansion and modification of the transport network of the city affects the quality of urban housing of the city as well as economic and social conditions and security conditions led to the imposition of security checkpoints and the closure of many of the streets, crowding the transport network and its impact on the urban development of the city. The objective of the research is to study the historical stages affecting the composition of the transport network and the effect of the geographic factors of Baquba city and its relationship with other cities in terms of the external transport network of passengers and goods. The approach we will adopt in the research is to develop the basic plans of the city which include appropriate solutions for the internal and external transport network of the city and apply it on the ground and not allow random transgressions by enacting laws that limit this overflow and finding appropriate solutions to the phenomenon of population displacement to the city and residential violations on the basic plans of the city and its impact on urban growth..

ان من اصناف الخرسانة المعتمدة عالمياﹰ هي الخرسانة الخفيفة والتي تصنف حسب توفر موادها الأولية والغرض من استخدامها انشائياﹰ، اختصت هذه الدراسة باستبدال الركام الخشن الاعتيادي بالركام الخشن الخفيف من الصخور الطينية (بونزا) وركام مخلفات الثرمستون وبنسب حجمية (25، 50، 75، 100) % إضافة لأعداد خلطة مرجعية. لغرض تحديد ودراسة المواصفات المهمة للخرسانة الجديدة تم اعداد نماذج مكعبات واسطوانات ومواشير قياسية لتقييم مقاومة الانضغاط والشد غير المباشر ومعاير الكسر ومعامل المرونة الساكن وكذلك وحدة الوزن والامتصاص والتوصيلية الحرارية ، حيث اعتمد معدل القراءات لكل الفحوصات. أشارت نتائج الفحوصات الى انخفاض الخواص الميكانيكية للخرسانة بزيادة الركام الخشن الخفيف ،حيث سجلت معدلات قيم الخواص الميكانيكية كل من : مقاومة الانضغاط ومعاير الكسر ومقاومة شد الانشطار غير المباشر بين (15.5-40.2) نتملم2 ،(3-4.85) نتملم2 ،(1.3-4.5) نتملم2 مقارنة بالخلطة المرجعية (42.25 نتملم2)، (5 نتملم2(،( 4.77 نتملم2) على التوالي، وتراوحت معدلات معامل المرونة الساكن والكثافة الجافة بالفرن والامتصاص والتوصيلية الحرارية بين (16630-27067) نتملم2 ،(1400.5-2122.96) كغمم3 ،(4.58-11.8) % ،(0.414-1.022)) واطم. كيلو جول) مقارنة بالخلطة المرجعية (28152 نتملم2(،(2335.67 كغمم3) ،(1.78 %) ،(1.33 واطم. كيلو جول) على التوالي .

The study of slope stability is important in the design and construction of the earth dams under influence of earthquake and some surcharge loads. Some factors affect the slope stability for the earth dam such as change the water level in the reservoir or rapid drawdown of the water level. In the present study, limit equilibrium methods and finite element method have been used to calculate the factor of safety of earth dam. The main objective is studying the influence the soil strength parameters including cohesion, angle of internal friction and unit weight of soil on the values of factor of safety of the upstream slope for earth dam. The results show that the values of factor of safety increase when the values of soil strength parameters (cohesion, angle of internal friction)and water level increased, and the value of unit weight of the soil decrease, and the values of factor of safety, decreasing fast in rapid draw down of the water level. The main conclusion is the stability of the earth dam increases when the soil strength parameters (cohesion, angle of internal friction) increase and unit weight of the soil decrease with increasing the water level in the reservoir and the earth dam may be exposed to the collapse in the case of the rapid drawdown of water level.